A Smartphone-Enabled Imaging Device for Chromotropic Acid-Based Measurement of Nitrate in Soil Samples

Veerabhadrappa Lavanya; Anshuman Nayak; Partha Deb Roy; Shubhadip Dasgupta; Subhadip Dey; Bin Li; David C. Weindorf; Somsubhra Chakraborty

doi:10.3390/s23177345

A Smartphone-Enabled Imaging Device for Chromotropic Acid-Based Measurement of Nitrate in Soil Samples

Veerabhadrappa Lavanya, Anshuman Nayak, Partha Deb Roy, Shubhadip Dasgupta, Subhadip Dey, Bin Li, David C. Weindorf, Somsubhra Chakraborty

Earth, Environment & Sustainability

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this study, a novel chromotropic acid-based color development method was proposed for quick estimation of soil nitrate (NO₃⁻). The method utilized a 3D printed device integrated with the rear-end camera of a smartphone and a stand-alone application called SMART NP. By analyzing the mean Value (V) component of the sample’s image, the SMART NP provides instant predictions of soil NO₃⁻ levels. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.1 mg L⁻¹ with a sensitivity of 0.26 mg L⁻¹. The device showed a % bias of 0.9% and a precision of 1.95%, indicating its reliability. Additionally, the device-predicted soil NO₃⁻ data, combined with kriging interpolation, showcased spatial variability in soil NO₃⁻ levels at the regional level. The study employed a Gaussian model of variogram for kriging, and the high Nugget/Sill ratio indicated low spatial autocorrelation, emphasizing the impact of management factors on the spatial distribution of soil NO₃⁻ content in the study area. Overall, the imaging device, along with geostatistical interpolation, provided a comprehensive solution for the rapid assessment of spatial variability in soil NO₃⁻content.

Original language	English
Article number	7345
Journal	Sensors
Volume	23
Issue number	17
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177345
State	Published - Sep 2023

Scopus Subject Areas

Analytical Chemistry
Information Systems
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Biochemistry
Instrumentation
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Keywords

imaging device
kriging
nitrate
smartphone
soil

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10.3390/s23177345

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title = "A Smartphone-Enabled Imaging Device for Chromotropic Acid-Based Measurement of Nitrate in Soil Samples",

abstract = "In this study, a novel chromotropic acid-based color development method was proposed for quick estimation of soil nitrate (NO3−). The method utilized a 3D printed device integrated with the rear-end camera of a smartphone and a stand-alone application called SMART NP. By analyzing the mean Value (V) component of the sample{\textquoteright}s image, the SMART NP provides instant predictions of soil NO3− levels. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.1 mg L−1 with a sensitivity of 0.26 mg L−1. The device showed a % bias of 0.9% and a precision of 1.95%, indicating its reliability. Additionally, the device-predicted soil NO3− data, combined with kriging interpolation, showcased spatial variability in soil NO3− levels at the regional level. The study employed a Gaussian model of variogram for kriging, and the high Nugget/Sill ratio indicated low spatial autocorrelation, emphasizing the impact of management factors on the spatial distribution of soil NO3− content in the study area. Overall, the imaging device, along with geostatistical interpolation, provided a comprehensive solution for the rapid assessment of spatial variability in soil NO3−content.",

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author = "Veerabhadrappa Lavanya and Anshuman Nayak and {Deb Roy}, Partha and Shubhadip Dasgupta and Subhadip Dey and Bin Li and Weindorf, {David C.} and Somsubhra Chakraborty",

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year = "2023",

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doi = "10.3390/s23177345",

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AU - Lavanya, Veerabhadrappa

AU - Nayak, Anshuman

AU - Deb Roy, Partha

AU - Dasgupta, Shubhadip

AU - Dey, Subhadip

AU - Li, Bin

AU - Weindorf, David C.

AU - Chakraborty, Somsubhra

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N2 - In this study, a novel chromotropic acid-based color development method was proposed for quick estimation of soil nitrate (NO3−). The method utilized a 3D printed device integrated with the rear-end camera of a smartphone and a stand-alone application called SMART NP. By analyzing the mean Value (V) component of the sample’s image, the SMART NP provides instant predictions of soil NO3− levels. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.1 mg L−1 with a sensitivity of 0.26 mg L−1. The device showed a % bias of 0.9% and a precision of 1.95%, indicating its reliability. Additionally, the device-predicted soil NO3− data, combined with kriging interpolation, showcased spatial variability in soil NO3− levels at the regional level. The study employed a Gaussian model of variogram for kriging, and the high Nugget/Sill ratio indicated low spatial autocorrelation, emphasizing the impact of management factors on the spatial distribution of soil NO3− content in the study area. Overall, the imaging device, along with geostatistical interpolation, provided a comprehensive solution for the rapid assessment of spatial variability in soil NO3−content.

AB - In this study, a novel chromotropic acid-based color development method was proposed for quick estimation of soil nitrate (NO3−). The method utilized a 3D printed device integrated with the rear-end camera of a smartphone and a stand-alone application called SMART NP. By analyzing the mean Value (V) component of the sample’s image, the SMART NP provides instant predictions of soil NO3− levels. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.1 mg L−1 with a sensitivity of 0.26 mg L−1. The device showed a % bias of 0.9% and a precision of 1.95%, indicating its reliability. Additionally, the device-predicted soil NO3− data, combined with kriging interpolation, showcased spatial variability in soil NO3− levels at the regional level. The study employed a Gaussian model of variogram for kriging, and the high Nugget/Sill ratio indicated low spatial autocorrelation, emphasizing the impact of management factors on the spatial distribution of soil NO3− content in the study area. Overall, the imaging device, along with geostatistical interpolation, provided a comprehensive solution for the rapid assessment of spatial variability in soil NO3−content.

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A Smartphone-Enabled Imaging Device for Chromotropic Acid-Based Measurement of Nitrate in Soil Samples

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