Conclusion: Xenophobia and Nativism in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean

For as long as there is migration, there will always be expressions of xenophobia and nativism. For both phenomena, there are economic, political, social, cultural, and psychological triggers. And while there is ample literature on these issues, there is a huge gap in terms of the comparative assessments involving three of the most significant regions of the Global South. The assembled scholars did not merely engage in their practical and theoretical understandings, solutions were also proffered on how they can be curtailed and or ameliorated. Furthermore, they examined the implications of these occurrences on regions that are increasingly interconnected and interrelated. How xenophobia and nativism affect regional integration and solidarity vis-a-vis Pan-Africanism and the African Union, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States-is also examined. While there are policies and or laws to combat both phenomena, there is no indication that both can be eradicated. At least not in the twenty-first century.