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Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator

  • M. R. Anderson
  • , S. Andringa
  • , L. Anselmo
  • , E. Arushanova
  • , S. Asahi
  • , M. Askins
  • , D. J. Auty
  • , A. R. Back
  • , Z. Barnard
  • , N. Barros
  • , D. Bartlett
  • , F. Barao
  • , R. Bayes
  • , E. W. Beier
  • , A. Bialek
  • , S. D. Biller
  • , E. Blucher
  • , R. Bonventre
  • , M. Boulay
  • , D. Braid
  • E. Caden, E. J. Callaghan, J. Caravaca, J. Carvalho, L. Cavalli, D. Chauhan, M. Chen, O. Chkvorets, K. J. Clark, B. Cleveland, D. Cookman, C. Connors, I. T. Coulter, M. A. Cox, D. Cressy, X. Dai, C. Darrach, B. Davis-Purcell, C. Deluce, M. M. Depatie, F. Descamps, J. Dittmer, F. Di Lodovico, N. Duhaime, F. Duncan, J. Dunger, A. D. Earle, D. Fabris, E. Falk, A. Farrugia, N. Fatemighomi, V. Fischer, E. Fletcher, R. Ford, K. Frankiewicz, N. Gagnon, A. Gaur, K. Gilje, O. I. González-Reina, D. Gooding, P. Gorel, K. Graham, C. Grant, J. Grove, S. Grullon, E. Guillian, S. Hall, A. L. Hallin, D. Hallman, S. Hans, J. Hartnell, P. Harvey, M. Hedayatipour, W. J. Heintzelman, J. Heise, R. L. Helmer, D. Horne, B. Hreljac, J. Hu, S. M.A. Hussain, T. Iida, A. S. Inácio, C. M. Jackson, N. A. Jelley, C. J. Jillings, C. Jones, P. G. Jones, K. Kamdin, T. Kaptanoglu, J. Kaspar, K. Keeter, C. Kefelian, P. Khaghani, L. Kippenbrock, J. R. Klein, R. Knapik, J. Kofron, L. L. Kormos, S. Korte, B. Krar, C. Kraus, C. B. Krauss, T. Kroupova, K. Labe, F. Lafleur, I. Lam, C. Lan, B. J. Land, R. Lane, S. Langrock, A. Latorre, I. Lawson, L. Lebanowski, G. M. Lefeuvre, E. J. Leming, A. Li, J. Lidgard, B. Liggins, Y. H. Lin, X. Liu, Y. Liu, V. Lozza, M. Luo, S. Maguire, A. Maio, K. Majumdar, S. Manecki, J. Maneira, R. D. Martin, E. Marzec, A. Mastbaum, J. Mauel, N. McCauley, A. B. McDonald, P. Mekarski, M. Meyer, C. Miller, C. Mills, M. Mlejnek, E. Mony, I. Morton-Blake, M. J. Mottram, S. Nae, M. Nirkko, L. J. Nolan, V. M. Novikov, H. M. O'Keeffe, E. O'Sullivan, G. D. Orebi Gann, M. J. Parnell, J. Paton, S. J.M. Peeters, T. Pershing, Z. Petriw, J. Petzoldt, L. Pickard, D. Pracsovics, G. Prior, J. C. Prouty, S. Quirk, A. Reichold, S. Riccetto, R. Richardson, M. Rigan, A. Robertson, J. Rose, R. Rosero, P. M. Rost, J. Rumleskie, M. A. Schumaker, M. H. Schwendener, D. Scislowski, J. Secrest, M. Seddighin, L. Segui, S. Seibert, I. Semenec, F. Shaker, T. Shantz, M. K. Sharma, T. M. Shokair, L. Sibley, J. R. Sinclair, K. Singh, P. Skensved, M. Smiley, T. Sonley, R. Stainforth, M. Strait, M. I. Stringer, R. Svoboda, A. Sörensen, B. Tam, J. Tatar, L. Tian, N. Tolich, J. Tseng, H. W.C. Tseung, E. Turner, R. Van Berg, J. G.C. Veinot, C. J. Virtue, B. Von Krosigk, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui, J. M.G. Walker, M. Walker, S. C. Walton, J. Wang, M. Ward, O. Wasalski, J. Waterfield, J. J. Weigand, R. F. White, J. R. Wilson, T. J. Winchester, P. Woosaree, A. Wright, J. P. Yanez, M. Yeh, T. Zhang, Y. Zhang, T. Zhao, K. Zuber, A. Zummo†]deceased
  • Queen's University Kingston
  • Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas
  • Creighton Mine No. 9
  • Queen Mary University of London
  • University of California, Berkeley
  • Berkeley National Laboratory
  • University of California, Davis
  • University of Alberta
  • University of Sussex
  • Laurentian University
  • University of Lisbon
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Technische Universität Dresden
  • University of Oxford
  • The University of Chicago
  • University of Coimbra
  • University of Liverpool
  • TRIUMF
  • King's College London
  • Boston University
  • National Autonomous University of Mexico
  • United States Department of Energy
  • University of Washington
  • Idaho State University
  • Norwich University
  • Lancaster University
  • Armstrong Atlantic State University
  • Institute for Nuclear Research

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

43 Scopus citations

Abstract

A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity, ease of handling, and logistical availability. Its properties have been extensively characterized and are presented here. This liquid scintillator is now used in several neutrino physics experiments in addition to SNO+.

Original languageEnglish
Article numberP05009
JournalJournal of Instrumentation
Volume16
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2021

Scopus Subject Areas

  • Mathematical Physics
  • Instrumentation

Keywords

  • Double-beta decay detectors
  • Neutrino detectors
  • Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators)

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