Exploring the Use of Lean Construction in Unusual Work Conditions: Iraq 2005-2017

Question: What are the benefits of using the Last Planner System (LPS®) in commercial construction projects in areas with high disruption, e.g., the Civil War in Iraq from 2005 to 2017? Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the benefits of using the Last Planner System® concerning the critical project metrics of cost, safety, quality, and time performance in projects operating in highly disruptive environments. Very few qualitative studies have been done on LPS® in commercial construction, and none explicitly study its application in areas of high disruption. Research Method: The study utilizes a qualitative methodology with input from focus groups and structured interviews. Twenty-one individuals practicing engineering professionals from the Middle East, mainly in Iraq, participated in this research. Findings: Results indicated that the application of Lean Construction, particularly LPS®, in unusual work conditions led to four themes in its use: planning, quality, safety, and cost. Ninety-five percent of the participants agreed that using a lean approach helped reduce waste in construction projects, 75% reported that it had improved the planning and quality of work, and 65% said it extended safety in their construction work in Iraq. Limitations: This study utilized professionals from the Middle East who were working on specific types of commercial construction projects. Results may be different for other construction sectors and areas. Implications: Results indicate that the use of the LPS® can assist in improving the project metrics of cost, quality, safety, and planning over traditional project management methods. Value for practitioners: This research demonstrates how the use of the LPS® can aid in the adaptability of project planning, allowing for successful management of safety, cost, and quality in conflict-ridden areas where stability for planning is not possible.