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Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences

  • Balazs Aczel
  • , Barnabas Szaszi
  • , Harry T. Clelland
  • , Marton Kovacs
  • , Felix Holzmeister
  • , Don van Ravenzwaaij
  • , Hannah Schulz-Kümpel
  • , Sabine Hoffmann
  • , Gustav Nilsonne
  • , Livia Kosa
  • , Zoltan A. Torma
  • , Yousuf Abdelfatah
  • , Christopher L. Aberson
  • , Oguz A. Acar
  • , Ensar Acem
  • , Matus Adamkovic
  • , Timofey Adamovich
  • , Krisna Adiasto
  • , Love Ahnström
  • , Atakan M. Akil
  • Adil S. Al-Busaidi, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Casper J. Albers, Peter J. Allen, Taym Alsalti, Micah Altman, Shilaan Alzahawi, Ettore Ambrosini, Saule Anafinova, Rahul Anand, Martin Angerer, Ariadna Angulo-Brunet, Alberto Antonietti, Jozsef Arato, Andreu Arenas, Marco M. Aviña, Flavio Azevedo, Marko Bachl, Bence Bago, Štěpán Bahník, Bradley J. Baker, Elza Balayan, Cassandra L. Baldwin, Benjamin Banai, Kasia Banas, František Bartoš, Ernest Baskin, Jojanneke A. Bastiaansen, Nadège Bault, Christopher W. Bauman, Quintin H. Beazer, Maciej Behnke, Theiss Bendixen, Sebastian Berger, Anna Bernard, Ursa Bernardic, Paul A. Bloom, Annika Boldt, Ciril Bosch-Rosa, Rotem Botvinik-Nezer, Adam Bouyamourn, Ozge Bozkurt, Laurel Brehm, Johannes Breuer, Ryan Briggs, Hilmar Brohmer, Erin Buchanan, Johannes Buckenmaier, Jeffrey Buckley, Jacek Buczny, Matthias Burghart, Bilal H. Butt, Nick Byrd, Valentina Cafarelli, Patrick Callahan, Tabaré Capitán, Kevin Carriere, Andrea M. 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Michaelides, Patrik Michaelsen, Gosia Mikolajczak, Wladislaw Mill, Philip Millroth, Kirill G. Miroshnik, Michal Misiak, Youri L. Mora, David Moreau, Chris Moreh, Coby Morvinski, Faisal Mushtaq, Tamás Nagy, Christa Nater, Elias Naumann, Gorka Navarrete, Stephan Nebe, Andre Nedderhoff, Richard Nennstiel, Martin Neugebauer, Eliana Nicolaisen-Sobesky, Yngwie A. Nielsen, Guiomar Niso, Benjamin Nowak, Mehmet Okan, Kenneth Ong, Adrian I. Onicas, Christian Oswald, Kasper Otten, Shubham Pandey, Myrto Pantazi, Paolo Papale, Philip Pärnamets, Shiva Pauer, Yuri G. Pavlov, Samuel Pawel, Jonathan E. Peelle, Hannah K. Peetz, Anton Peez, Francesca Pesciarelli, Brenton D. Peterson, Benjamin Petruželka, Jonas Petter, Jan Pfänder, Gerit Pfuhl, Joseph Phillips, Matthew T. Pietryka, Angelo Pirrone, Ilse L. Pit, Anna Plachti, Irene Sophia Plank, Matteo Ploner, Russell A. Poldrack, Monique M.H. Pollmann, Simon Porcher, Patrick Präg, Andrew Adrian Y. 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Shaw, Joseph Shaw, Qiang Shen, Christoph Siemroth, Martina Sladekova, Angela Somo, Arjun Sondhi, Burak Sonmez, Lisa Spantig, Maarten Speekenbrink, Angelos Stamos, Lukasz Stasielowicz, Leonie C. Steckermeier, Simon R. Steinkamp, Andrea H. Stoevenbelt, Chris N.H. Street, Jordan W. Suchow, Hans Fredrik Sunde, James Sundquist, Vsevolod Suschevskiy, Scott D. Swain, Peter Szecsi, Raluca D. Szekely-Copîndean, Ewa Szumowska, Alessandro Tacconelli, Eli Talbert, John P. Tang, Jorge N. Tendeiro, Martina Testori, Enrico Toffalini, Aleksandar Tomašević, Selin Topel, Lasse Torkkeli, Leonardo Tozzi, Jakub Traczyk, Alexander Trinidad, Darinka Trübutschek, Konrad Turek, Maximiliane Uhlich, Eric L. Uhlmann, Karolina Urbanska, Jasper Van Assche, Marcel A.L.M. van Assen, Noah N.N. van Dongen, Kenny van Lieshout, Roel van Veldhuizen, Marton A. 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Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

12 Scopus citations

Abstract

The same dataset can be analysed in different justifiable ways to answer the same research question, potentially challenging the robustness of empirical science1, 2–3. In this crowd initiative, we investigated the degree to which research findings in the social and behavioural sciences are contingent on analysts’ choices. We examined a stratified random sample of 100 studies published between 2009 and 2018, in which, for one claim per study, at least five reanalysts independently reanalysed the original data. The statistical appropriateness of the reanalyses was assessed in peer evaluations, and the robustness indicators were inspected along a range of research characteristics and study designs. We found that 34% of the independent reanalyses yielded the same result (within a tolerance region of ±0.05 Cohen’s d) as the original report; with a four times broader tolerance region, this indicator increased to 57%. Of the reanalyses conducted, 74% reached the same conclusion as the original investigation, 24% yielded no effects or inconclusive results and 2% reported the opposite effect. This exploratory study indicates that the common single-path analyses in social and behavioural research should not be simply assumed to be robust to alternative analyses4. Therefore, we recommend the development and use of practices to explore and communicate this neglected source of uncertainty.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)135-142
Number of pages8
JournalNature
Volume652
Issue number8108
DOIs
StatePublished - Apr 2 2026

Keywords

  • Behavioral Research/standards
  • Behavioral Sciences/standards
  • Humans
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Research Design/standards
  • Social Sciences/standards

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