Layer-by-layered SnS₂/graphene hybrid nanosheets via ball-milling as promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Layer-by-layered SnS₂/graphene (LL-SnS₂/G) hybrid nanosheets are fabricated via a simple ball-milling of SnS₂ nanoplates obtained through hydrothermal treatment and commercial graphene. When assessed as anode materials for LIBs, LL-SnS₂/G shows a high initial reversible capacity of 696.27 mAh g⁻¹ with a high initial coulombic efficiency (74.16%) at 200 mA g⁻¹, and negligible capacity fading over 180 cycles. Moreover, LL-SnS₂/G also has an excellent rate capability, which delivers a high capacity of 567.78 mAh g⁻¹ at 2000 mA g⁻¹. Benefits from synergism between SnS₂ nanoplates with high specific capacity and graphene, the graphene increases the conductivity of SnS₂, buffers the volume change during lithiation/de-lithiation processes, and provides an effective physical barrier between the active materials and the electrolyte to suppress the shuttle effect of polysulfides formed during de-lithiation processes. LL-SnS₂/G shows excellent electrochemical performance and is a promising anode material candidate for lithium ion batteries.