Wilsonianism and self-determination without Wilson: United States and Estonia, 1918–1922

The article argues that in 1919 several US Peace Delegation members in Paris acted in accordance with the ideology of Wilsonian self-determination. However, US policy toward Estonia and the other Baltic states wavered between regarding them as part of eastern Europe to which national self-determination could be applied or, contrary to that, as part of a unified non-Bolshevik Russia. US economic policy and, in particular, its relief activity supported the striving for independence of the Baltic states. Wilson came to support the ‘Russia option’ for the Baltic countries in the summer of 1919. The successor Harding administration opted for the alternative.